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BackgroundThe 3rd booster of mRNA vaccines against SARS COV2 was highly efficient against delta variant but data regarding the efficacy of the 3rd and 4th boosters against the omicron variants, among AIRD pts are scarce.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the effect of the 3rd and 4th booster mRNA vaccines against SARS CoV2, in preventing severe COVID-19, in AIRD patients (pts) treated with immunomodulating drugs.Methods212 pts (mean age(SD) 57(13), disease duration 11.2(7.4), who received the 3rd booster (Pfizer) were included in the study. We performed serology tests 24 weeks after the second dose of vaccine and 4-8 weeks after the 3rd booster. IgG Antibodies (Ab) against SARS COV2 virus were detected using the SARS-Cov-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott) assay. The test was considered positive above 50 AU/ml. Data regarding COVID-19 infection during the 5th outbreak (omicron) were collected from the medical files. The length of observation period was defined as the time from the 3rd booster to the last hospital visit or COVID 19 diagnosis, whichever occurred first.ResultsThe 3rd booster administration (Pfizer) significantly augmented the humoral response (from mean(SD) 1121(4723) AU/ml to 12153(13687)). 58 patients received the 4th booster and 18 the 5th booster. COVID-19 was diagnosed in 103 pts (49%) within mean(SD) 224.8(106.5) days after the 3rd booster vaccination. 109 pts remained free of disease during mean(SD) follow-up 230.6(133.9). Following the 4th booster, 26 (45%) out of 58pts contracted COVID-19 within mean(SD) 97.6(78.7) days after the vaccination. One 70 year old patient (vaccinated 3 times) died and 2 other pts (rituximab treated) had severe COVID-19. The IgG Ab titer after the 3rd booster was lower in pts who contracted COVID 19 compared to those uninfected (mean(SD), median 8777.9(11716.4),3475 AU/ml vs 15348.1(14649.1),10801, p=0.004).There were no statistically significant differences between the pts with COVID-19 and those without, regarding age, type of disease, treatment and humoral response 24 weeks after the 2nd vaccination.ConclusionDespite an enhanced humoral response obtained after the 3rd booster, 49% of AIRD pts vaccinated with 3 doses and 45% of pts vaccinated with 4 doses had COVID-19 during the omicron outbreaks. Higher humoral response to the 3rd booster was associated with a lower rate of COVID19. The booster vaccines conferred 99% protection against severe COVID-19.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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India is currently ranked as the largest milk producer, dairy industry being the major commodity in agriculture contributing 5% of the national economy, witnessing 6.4% (CAGR) in the past 5 years. Indian dairy industry is expected to grow by 9-11% in financial year 2022.Dairy sector is dominated by fluid milk with emerging value-added products such as cheese, yogurt, flavoured UHT milk growing at a faster rate than other products.Pandemic has affected severely the lives of farmers who depended purely on milk produce by decrease in purchase price, Industries faced challenges to sell and supply milk, worker shortages and increase in production costs, consumers faced challenge to purchase the dairy products and raise in dairy products cost, since lockdown was imposed throughout. The study is viewed in three different dimensions, especially farmers, dairy industries, consumers and the problems faced by them in pandemic situation. The new experience of pandemic also led to shut down of many dairy industries due to lockdown that was imposed on schools, restaurants and hotels. The purposes of this study based on the conceptual data to identify the challenges faced by dairy industry in India during COVID-19 pandemic. The authors in the paper have tried to suggest the best progress that is required to overcome the future pandemic situations for dairy industries. Specifically, data has been collected from the online portals and e-papers to identify and analyse the challenges faced by the dairy industry during pandemic condition.The need of the hour is to also identify the best possible actions that can be taken by dairy industries and government to meet the challenges faced. The government cooperation is required for hand in hand program with dairy industries by planning long term strategies like providing financial reliefs to industries, discounting on taxes and setting up standard MSP (Minimum Support Prices) to farmers and allowing the best possible supply chain to reach customers. The basic challenge in faced to maintain quality and quantity with supply chain being diversified. The dairy product being perishable requires suitable logistics with supply chain operations to ensure the freshness. © 2022
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The role of the pastor is shepherding. With his/her presence the pastor becomes a companion and leader of the Christian church. The advent of the coronavirus has provided a myriad of challenges for pastoral care and presence. These challenges have come because of the closure of chapels and church meetings due to the introduction of lockdown that include the banning of religious gatherings. Lack of pastoral encounters has left families and congregations with many questions about their life as a church. This paper discusses these challenges including pastoral care in the form of contact church services, and pastoral presence in times of crises COVID 19 pandemic. It also argues that despite the challenges, the pandemic has provided opportunities for the transformation of the church and pastoral care approaches. It will conclude by suggesting turning some of the challenges into opportunities and maintaining some of the avenues of pastoral presence used during the pandemic to promote pastoral ministry in future. The paper advocates for the adoption and use of a variety of media platforms for pastoral care as a way of promoting pastoral presence in pastoral absence. Copyright: ©2022 Open Access/Author/s - Online @ http//: www.pharosjot.com